Ten Reasons PostgreSQL is Better Than SQL Server
Why would anyone want to use PostgreSQL instead of SQL Server? There are a lot of factors to consider when choosing how to store your data. Sometimes we need to look deeper than the standard choice and consider something new. If you’re starting a brand new project, where should you store your data? Here are ten reasons why you might want to consider PostgreSQL over SQL Server.
Releases Every Year
Let’s face it, waiting three to five years for new functionality to roll out in any product is painful. I don’t want to constantly be learning new functionality, but on the flip side I don’t want to be writing hack solutions to critical business problems because I know something is coming down the pipe, but I can’t wait for a few more years before I implement it myself. Rapid release cycles guarantee that the PostgreSQL development team is able to quickly ship the features that users need and make frequent improvements. Starting with version 9.0, the PostgreSQL release cycle has switched to a yearly cycle. Before that, PostgreSQL released whenever the features were done. Looking at the major releases on Wikipedia, it’s obvious that major releases still rolled out about once every 18 months. An 18 month release cycle isn’t bad for any software product, much less a mission critical one like a database.
True Serialization
Snapshot isolation guarantees that all reads in a transaction see a consistent snapshot of data. In addition, a transaction should only commit if the ways that it changes data don’t conflict with other changes made since the snapshot was taken. Unfortunately, snapshots allow anomalies to exist. It’s possible to create a situation where two valid transactions occur that leave the database in an inconsistent state – the database doesn’t pass its own rules for data integrity. Serializable snapshot isolation was added to PostgreSQL in version 9.1. SSI emulates strict serial execution – transactions behave as if they are executing one after another. If there is a conflict, or even a potential conflict, the database engine throws an error back to the caller (who is left to figure out the appropriate next step). Serializable snapshot isolation sounds painful. The kicker is that it makes it possible for databases to behave in ways that work to guarantee an even stronger level of consistency. Applications can be developed to assume that data modification will fail and subsequently retry failed transactions. The true benefit is that well written software can avoid data inconsistencies and maintain the illusion that all is operating as it should be.
Sane Defaults, Ridiculous Tuning
Okay, to be fair PostgreSQL ships with some ridiculously conservative shared memory settings. Most other PostgreSQL settings are conservative, but general enough for most generic workloads. Many people deploying PostgreSQL will not have to make many changes to PostgreSQL (probably just increasing shared_buffers to 25% of total RAM to start). Once a PostgreSQL installation is up and running, there are a number of settings that can be changed. The best part, though, is that most of these settings can be changed at the server, database, user, or even individual query level. It’s very common to have mixed workload servers – most activity on the server is basic CRUD, but a small percentage of activity are reports that need to be aggressively tuned. Instead of moving the individual reports out to running on separate space (either separate servers, databases, or even in separate resource pools in the same database), we can simply tune a few queries to use the appropriate parameters including the memory to allocate for sorting and joins.
Unlogged Tables
Are you sick of trying to get minimally logged bulk inserts to work? Me too. Instead of trying various mechanisms to minimally log some tables, PostgreSQL give us option of creating an unlogged table – simply add theUNLOGGED directive to a create table statement and everything is ready to go. Unlogged tables bypass the write ahead log; they aren’t crash safe, but they’re stupid fast. Data in an unlogged table will be truncated after the server crashes or there is an unclean shutdown, otherwise it’ll still be there. They’re also excluded from replication to a standby server. This makes unlogged tables ideal for ETL or other data manipulation processes that can easily be repeated using source data.
KNN for Geospatial… and More
Yeah, I hear ya, SQL Server will have this soon, but PostgreSQL already has it. If K Nearest Neighbor searches are critical for your business, you’ve already gone through some pain trying to get this working in your RDBMS. Or you’ve given up and implemented the solution elsewhere. I can’t blame you for that – geospatial querying is nice, but not having KNN features is a killer. PostgreSQL’s KNN querying works on specific types of indexes (there are a lot of index types in PostgreSQL). Not only can you use KNN querying to find the 5 nearest Dairy Queens, but you can also use a KNN search on other data types. It’s completely possible to perform a KNN search and find the 10 phrases that are closest to “ice cream”. KNN search capability makes PostgreSQL a serious contender for anyone looking at implementing geospatial querying. The additional flexibility puts PostgreSQL in a leadership position for many other kinds of search driven applications.
Transaction-Controlled Synchronous Replication
One of the easiest ways to keep another copy of your database is to use some kind of database replication. SQL Server DBAs will largely be used to transactional replication – a dedicated agent reads the SQL Server log, collects outstanding commands, and then ships them over to the subscriber where they are applied. PostgreSQL’s built-in replication is closer to SQL Server’s mirroring than SQL Server’s replication (PostgreSQL’s replication has a readable standby). Log activity is hardened on the primary and then streamed to the secondary. This can either happen synchronously or asynchronously. Up until PostgreSQL 9.1, replication was an all or nothing affair – every transaction was either synchronous or asynchronous. Developers can set a specific transaction by setting the synchronous_replication configuration value for that single transaction. This is important because it makes it possible to write copious amounts of data to logging tables for debugging purposes but not have performance be impacted by synchronously committing writes to the log tables. Any time we have more choice in how we develop our applications, I’m happy.
Writeable CTEs
CTEs are great for reads, but if I need to do something more complex with them, there are other issues involved. An example is going to make this much easier. Let’s say I want to delete stale data, but I want to store it in an archive table. To do this with SQL Server, the easiest route (from a development standpoint) is going to be to elevate my isolation level to at least snapshot, if not serializable, and use isolation levels to guarantee that no data will be changed. I could also load the PK value of the comments to be deleted into a temp table and reference that multiple times. Both methods work, but both methods have problems. The first requires that the code be run in a specific isolation level. This relies on specific settings to be in place that may not be available. The code could also be copied out of the procedure and run in SSMS, leading to potential anomalies where a few rows are deleted but not archived. That’s no big deal for spam comments, but it could be critical in other situations. The second method isn’t necessarily bad, there’s nothing wrong with it, but it involves extra code noise. That temporary table isn’t necessary to solve our problem and is a byproduct of dealing with different isolation levels. PostgreSQL has a different way to solve this problem: writeable CTEs. The CTE is constructed the same way it would be constructed in T-SQL. The difference is that when we’re using PostgreSQL, the data can be modified inside the CTE. The output is then used just like like the output of any other CTE:``` CREATE TABLE old_text_data (text_data text);
WITH deleted_comments AS ( DELETE FROM comments WHERE comment_text LIKE ‘%spam%’ RETURNING comment_id, email_address, created_at, comment_text ) INSERT INTO spam_comments SELECT * FROM deleted_comments
### Extensions
Ever want to add some functionality to SQL Server? What about keep up to date on that functionality? This can be a huge problem for DBAs. It’s very easy to skip a server when you roll out new administrative scripts across your production environment. Furthermore, how do you even know which version you have installed? The [PostgreSQL Extension Network](http://pgxn.org/) is a centralized repository for extra functionality. It’s a trusted source for open source PostgreSQL libraries – no sneaky binaries are allowed. Plus, everything in PGXN is versioned. When updating PGXN provided functionality, the extension takes care of the update path for you – it knows how to make sure it’s up to date. There are extensions for things ranging from [K-means clustering](http://pgxn.org/dist/kmeans/), [Oracle compatibility functions](http://pgxn.org/dist/orafce/), to [remote queries to Amazon S3](http://pgxn.org/dist/s3_fdw/). Pushing this functionality out into extensions makes it easy for developers and DBAs to build custom packages that look and act like core functionality of PostgreSQL without trying to get the package through the PostgreSQL release process. These packages can then be developed independently, advance at their own rate, and provide complex functionality that may not fit within the release plan of the PostgreSQL core team. In short, there’s a healthy ecosystem of software being built around PostgreSQL.
### Rich Temporal Data Types
One of my favorite features of PostgreSQL is the rich support for temporal data types. Sure, SQL Server 2008 finally brought some sophistication to SQL Server’s support for temporal data, but it’s still a pretty barren landscape. Strong support for temporal data is critical in many industries and, unfortunately, there’s a lot of work that goes on in SQL Server to work around the limitations of SQL Server’s support for temporal data. PostgreSQL brings intelligent handling of time zones. In addition to supporting the ISO 8601 standard (`1999-01-08 04:05:06 -8:00`), PostgreSQL supports identifying the time zone by an abbreviation (`PST`) or by specifying a location identifier (`America/Tijuana`). Abbreviations are treated like a fixed offset from UTC, location identifiers change with daylight savings rules. On top of time zone flexibility, PostgreSQL has an `interval` data type. The`interval` data type is capable of storing an interval of up to 178,000,000 years with precision out to 14 digits. Intervals can measure time at a number of precisions from as broad as a year to as narrow as the microsecond.
### Exclusion Constraints
Have you ever tried to write any kind of scheduling functionality using SQL Server? If you have, you’ll know that when you have business requirements like “two people cannot occupy the same conference room at the same time”, you’ll know that this difficult to enforce with code and usually requires additional trips to the database. There are many ways to implement this purely through application level code and none of them lead to happy users or developers. PostgreSQL 9.0 introduced exclusion constraints for columns. In short, we define a table and then add an additional constraint that includes a number of checks where at least one of the checks is false. Exclusion constraints are supported under the hood by indexes, so these operations are as quick as our disks and the index that we’ve designed. It’s possible to use exclusion constraints in conjunction with temporal or geospatial data and make sure that different people aren’t reserving the same room at the same time or that plots of land don’t overlap. There was a presentation at the 2010 PGCon that going into the details of exclusion constraints. While there is no video, the [slides are available](http://www.pgcon.org/2010/schedule/events/201.en.html) and they contain enough examples and explanations to get you started.
### Bonus Feature – Cost
It’s free. All the features are always there. There are no editions of PostgreSQL – the features always exist in the database. Commercial support is available from a number of companies, some of them even provide additional closed source features, but the core PostgreSQL database is always available, always free, and always contains the same features.
### Getting Started
Want to get started with PostgreSQL? Head on over to [the download page](http://www.postgresql.org/download/) and pull down a copy for your platform of choice. If you want more details, [the documentation](http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/) is thorough and well written, or you can check out the [tutorials in the wiki](http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/PostgreSQL_Tutorials).
